Introduction
Communion, also known as the Lord’s Supper or the Eucharist, is one of the central ordinances of the Christian faith. Instituted by Jesus Christ on the night of His betrayal, communion serves as a memorial, a proclamation, and a participation in the redemptive work of Christ. Throughout church history, Christians have observed this practice as a means of remembering the sacrifice of Jesus, proclaiming the gospel, and experiencing spiritual fellowship with Him and with one another. This paper examines the biblical foundation, theological significance, and practical application of communion within the life of the believer and the church.
The Biblical Foundation of Communion
Institution by Christ
The origins of communion are found in the Gospel accounts of the Last Supper. On the night before His crucifixion, Jesus gathered with His disciples to celebrate the Passover meal (Matthew 26:26–29; Mark 14:22–25; Luke 22:14–20). Taking bread, He broke it and declared, “This is my body, which is given for you; do this in remembrance of me.” Then, taking the cup, He said, “This cup is the new covenant in my blood, which is shed for you.”
Through these words, Jesus connected His sacrificial death to the ancient Passover, where the blood of the lamb brought deliverance to Israel. In the same way, His own body and blood would bring salvation to all who believe.
Apostolic Practice
The early church obeyed the command of Christ to observe communion regularly. In Acts 2:42, believers are described as continuing steadfastly in the apostles’ doctrine, fellowship, breaking of bread, and prayers. Paul also emphasized communion in his letters, particularly in 1 Corinthians 11:23–26, where he reminded the church of the tradition handed down by Christ Himself and warned against partaking in an unworthy manner.
The Theological Significance of Communion
A Memorial of Christ’s Sacrifice
Communion is first and foremost a remembrance of the death of Christ. Each time believers partake, they recall the body that was broken and the blood that was shed on Calvary (Luke 22:19). It is not a mere ritual, but an active remembrance that keeps the gospel central in the life of the church.
A Proclamation of the Gospel
Paul wrote, “For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death till He comes” (1 Corinthians 11:26). Communion is therefore a public testimony to the death, resurrection, and promised return of Christ. It is a visible sermon, preached through the elements of bread and cup.
A Participation in Spiritual Fellowship
Communion is also a sharing in the benefits of Christ’s sacrifice. In 1 Corinthians 10:16, Paul wrote, “The cup of blessing which we bless, is it not the communion of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, is it not the communion of the body of Christ?” The word communion here conveys fellowship and participation. By faith, believers spiritually partake of Christ and are united both with Him and with one another as His body.
The New Covenant Confirmed
Jesus declared that the cup represents “the new covenant in my blood” (Luke 22:20). This covenant fulfills Old Testament prophecy (Jeremiah 31:31–34), in which God promised forgiveness of sins and an intimate knowledge of Him. Through Christ’s blood, the new covenant is sealed, granting believers eternal redemption and access to God.
Communion in the Life of the Church
Frequency of Observance
The New Testament does not prescribe a specific frequency for communion. Some churches practice it weekly, following the example of Acts 20:7, while others observe it monthly or quarterly. The emphasis is not on the number of times but on the reverence and faith with which it is celebrated.
Worthy Participation
Paul gave serious warnings about partaking in communion unworthily (1 Corinthians 11:27–30). Self-examination, repentance, and discernment of the body of Christ are necessary to approach the Lord’s Table properly. Communion should never be taken lightly, but with a heart of humility, gratitude, and faith.
Unity of the Body
Communion also symbolizes the unity of believers. Paul noted in 1 Corinthians 10:17, “For we, though many, are one bread and one body; for we all partake of that one bread.” As all partake from the same loaf and cup, they affirm their shared faith and common identity as members of Christ’s body.
Conclusion
Communion is not merely a tradition, but a command of Christ that carries profound meaning for the church. It is a memorial of His sacrifice, a proclamation of His gospel, a participation in fellowship with Him, and a confirmation of the new covenant. For the believer, it is both a solemn and joyous occasion—a reminder of what Christ has done, a proclamation of His coming return, and a renewal of fellowship with Him and His people.
As the church continues to gather around the Lord’s Table, it fulfills the words of Christ: “Do this in remembrance of Me.” Communion, then, is both a look back to the cross, a look around at the unity of the body, and a look forward to the marriage supper of the Lamb.